High School Graduation Rates For Toronto District School...

Students from racialized backgrounds face robust barriers to their success in high schools. While high school graduation rates are raising as a whole, students from racialized background are graduating high school less that their peers of the dominant racial group. These students have many different variables that limit their educational outcomes. â€Å"While education is the institution used in America to distribute social status and economic power, and facilitate how society functions, it has not been accepted or provided equal opportunity to all members of society.†(Boyd, Gordon, Iwamoto, Potts, Ward, 2009) The intention of this paper is to draw attention to the disportionality rates of high school graduation rates for Toronto District School Board (TDSB) students from racial backgrounds, students born outside of Canada, students with a native language other than English and lower than average post-secondary education acceptance rates for LGTBQ youth. The Toronto District School Board is the 4th largest school board in North America. In the TDSB 27% of students are born outside of Canada. Less than half of their students (43%) learned English as their native language and the TDSB boasts over 75 languages that are spoken in homes of students. (Toronto District School Board, 2014) With such a diverse student population, achievement gaps have become apparent in data collected in various internal and external reports on student achievement. Students from racial backgrounds,Show MoreRelated_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 PagesIntroduction to Statistics and Data Analysis This page intentionally left blank Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis Third Edition Roxy Peck California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo Chris Olsen George Washington High School, Cedar Rapids, IA Jay Devore California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo Australia †¢ Brazil †¢ Canada †¢ Mexico †¢ Singapore †¢ Spain †¢ United Kingdom †¢ United States Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis, Third EditionRead MoreI Love Reading Essay69689 Words   |  279 Pages ‘Entrepreneurship’ 2003, McGraw Hill, page 13; see also ‘Entrepreneurial Management: In Pursuit of Opportunity’, The Intellectual Venture Capitalist: John H. McArthur and the work of the Harvard Business School, 1980-1995 (Ed. Thomas K. McCraw and Jeffrey L. Cruikshank. Harvard Business School Press, 1999); insight provided by Mohit Malik, Innova Consulting, New Delhi; coinage of the term is also attributed to the economist Jean Baptiste Say 3 See McCraw et al in supra note 2 as above; see alsoRead MoreMonsanto: Better Living Through Genetic Engineering96204 Words   |  385 Pages441 441 CASE STUDIES A summary of the case analysis I N T R O D U C T I O N Preparing an effective case analysis: The full story Hearing with the aid of implanted technology: The case of Cochlearâ„ ¢ – an Australian C A S E O N E high-technology leader Delta Faucet: Global entrepreneurship in an emerging market C A S E T W O DaimlerChrysler: Corporate governance dynamics in a global company C A S E T H R E E Gunns and the greens: Governance issues in Tasmania C A S E F O U R Succeeding in theRead MoreProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words   |  860 Pagesdesign a project management stage-gate model for Fems. 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Question Has Social Networking Improved the Quality of...

Social networking has had a major influence on society in the 21st century, enabling citizens to engage with each other in radically new and different ways. According to Brown (2011), we can fall in love online, create friendships, attend parties in other countries – all without leaving the comfort (and anonymity) of our armchair. And while the Generation Ys and Xs in our society are leading the adoption of the emerging social networking websites, it has been noted that the older generations are now catching up, with the strongest recent growth in usage among the 55 and 65 age group (Burbary 2010). So what does this apparent ‘revolution’ mean for society? How is social networking changing the way people relate to each other, and†¦show more content†¦According to Wael Ghonim, a key activist in the Egyptian uprising: This revolution started [...] in June 2010 when hundreds of thousands of Egyptians started collaborating content. We would post a video on Facebook that would be shared by 60,000 people on their walls within a few hours. Ive always said that if you want to liberate a society just give them the Internet (cited in Huffington Post, 2011) Clay Shirky, a major commentator on social media is most optimistic about the potential of the new networking technologies to bring about significant social change. Shirky suggests that the distinguishing feature of web 2.0 technologies is that they have moved beyond the 20th century paradigm of passive media consumption to one of active participation. This shift from consumption to action, Shirky argues, has the potential to free up human creativity, and to be a spur for major collective change: Our social tools are not an improvement to modern society†, he says; â€Å"they are a challenge to it† (Shirky 2008, p.25). While social networking has become justly famous in the world of politics and social struggle, its more common and widespread use is in the more local domain of personal relationships. In this area we can also see many positive developments. On a basic level, social networking sites have proven to be a veryShow MoreRelatedMarisol Martinez Is A Recruiter For Basf Corporation For1403 Words   |  6 PagesMarisol Martinez is a recruiter for BASF Corporation for the last six years; however, she has been working in Human Resources for seventeen years all together. BASF stands for Badische Anilin und Soda Fabrik, they are a German company and per their website; they create chemistry through the power of connected minds. By balancing economic success with environmental protection and social responsibility, they build a more sustainable future through chemistry. As the world’s leading chemical companyRead MoreInternet Security Why Bother?859 Words   |  4 PagesInternet Securityâ⠂¬ ¦ why bother? 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Carrie Chapter Eight Free Essays

She lay on her bed, looking at the ceiling, sweating. ‘Carrie! Supper!’ ‘Thank you, (i am not afraid) Momma.’ She got up and fixed her hair with a dark-blue headband. We will write a custom essay sample on Carrie Chapter Eight or any similar topic only for you Order Now Then she went downstairs From The Shadow Exploded (p. 59): How apparent was Carrie’s ‘wild talent’ and what did Margaret White, with her extreme Christian ethic, think of it? We shall probably never know. But one is tempted to believe that Mrs White’s reaction must have been extreme †¦ ‘You haven’t touched your pie, Carrie.’ Momma looked up from the tract she had been perusing while she drank her Constant Comment. ‘It’s homemade.’ ‘It makes me have pimples, Momma.’ ‘Your pimples are the Lord’s way of chastising you. Now eat your pie.’ ‘Momma?’ ‘Yes?’ Carrie plunged. ‘I’ve been invited to the Spring Ball next Friday by Tommy Ross-‘ The tract was forgotten. Momma was staring at her with wide my ears-are-deceiving-me eyes. Her nostrils flared like those of a horse that has heard the dry rattle of a snake. Carrie tried to swallow an obstruction and only (i am not afraid o yes i am) got rid of part of it. ‘-and he’s a very nice boy. He’s promised to stop in and meet you before and-‘ ‘No.’ ‘-to have me in by eleven. I’ve-‘ ‘No, no, no!’ ‘-accepted. Momma, please see that I have to start to, to try and get along with the world. I’m not like you. I’m funny – I mean, the kids think I’m funny. I don’t want to be. I want to try and be a whole person before it’s too late to-‘ Mrs White threw her tea in Carrie’s face. It was only lukewarm, but it could not have shut of Carrie’s words more suddenly if it had been scalding. She sat numbly, the amber fluid dripping from her chin and cheeks on to her white blouse, spreading. It was sticky and smelled like cinnamon. Mrs White sat trembling, her face frozen except for her nostrils, which continued to flare. Abruptly she threw back her head and screamed at the ceiling. ‘God! God! God!’ Her jaw snapped brutally over each syllable. Carrie sat without moving. Mrs White got up and came around the table. Her hands were hooked into shaking claws. Her face bore a half-mad expression of compassion mixed with hate. ‘The closet,’ she said. ‘Go to your closet and pray.’ ‘No, Momma.’ ‘Boys. Yes, boys come next. After the blood the boys come. Like sniffing dogs, grinning and slobbering, trying to find out where that smell is. That †¦ smell!’ She swung her whole arm into the blow, and the sound of her palm against Carrie’s face (o god i am so afraid now) was like that flat sound of a leather belt being snapped in air. Carrie remained seated, although her upper body swayed. The mark on her cheek was first white, then blood red. ‘The mark,’ Mrs White said. Her eyes were large but blank, she was breathing in rapid, snatching gulps of air. She seemed to be talking to herself as the claw hand descended on to Carrie’s shoulder and pulled her out of her chair. ‘I’ve seen it, all right. Oh yes. But. I. Never. Did. But for him. He. Took. Me . . .’ She paused, her eyes wandering vaguely toward the ceiling. Carrie was terrified. Momma seemed in the throes of some great revelation which might destroy her. ‘Momma-‘ ‘In cars. Oh, I know where they take you in their arms. City limits. Roadhouses. Whiskey. Smelling †¦ oh they smell it on you!’ Her voice rose to a scream. Tendons stood out on her neck, and her head twisted in a questing upward rotation. ‘Momma, you better stop.’ This seemed to snap her back to some kind of hazy reality. Her lips twitched in a kind of elementary surprise and she halted, as if groping for old bearings in a new world. ‘The closet,’ she, muttered. ‘Go to your closet and pray. ‘No.’ Momma raised her hand to strike. ‘No!’ The hand stopped in the dead air. Momma stared up at it, as if to confirm that it was still there, and whole. The pie pan suddenly rose from the trivet on the table and hurled itself across the room to impact beside the living-room door in a splash of blueberry drool. ‘I’m going, Momma!’ Momma’s overturned teacup rose and flew past her head to shatter above the stove. Momma shrieked and dropped to her knees with her hands over her head. ‘Devil’s child,’ she moaned. ‘Devil’s child. Satan spawn-‘ ‘Momma, stand up.’ ‘Lust and licentiousness, the cravings of the flesh-‘ ‘Stand up!’ Momma’s voice faded her but she did stand up, with her hands still on her head, like a prisoner of war. Her lips moved. To Carrie she seemed to be reciting the Lord’s ]Prayer. ‘I don’t want to fight with you, Momma,’ Carrie said, and her voice almost broke from her and dissolved. She struggled to control it. ‘I only want to be let to live my own life. I†¦ I don’t like yours.’ She stopped, horrified in spite of herself. The ultimate blasphemy had been spoken, and it was a thousand times worse than the Eff Word. ‘Witch,’ Momma whispered. ‘It says in the Lord’s Book: â€Å"Thou shalt not suffer a witch to bye.† Your father did the Lord’s work-‘ ‘I don’t want to talk about that,’ Carrie said. It always disturbed her to hear Momma talk about her father. ‘I just want you to understand that things are going to change around here, Momma.’ Her eyes gleamed. ‘They better understand it, too.’ But Momma was whispering to herself again. Unsatisfied, with a feeling of anticlimax in her throat and the dismal rolling of emotional upset in her belly, she went to the cellar to get her dress material. It was better than the closet. There was that. Anything was better than the closet with its blue light and the overpowering stench of sweat and her own sin. Anything. Everything. She stood with the wrapped package hugged against her breast and closed her eyes, shutting out the weak glow of the cellar’s bare, cobweb-festooned bulb. Tommy Ross didn’t love her, she knew that. This was some strange kind of atonement, and she could understand that and respond to it. She had lain cheek and jowl with the concept of penance since she had been old enough to reason. He had said it would be good-that they would see to it. Well, she would see to it. They better not start anything. They just better not. She did not know if her gift had come from the lord of light or of darkness, and now, finally finding that she did not care which, she was overcome with an almost indescribable relief, as if a huge weight, long carried, had slipped from her shoulders. Upstairs, Momma continued to whisper. It was not the Lord’s Prayer. It was the Prayer of Exorcism from Deuteronomy. From My Name Is Susan Snell (p. 23): They finally even made a movie about it. I saw it last April. When I came out, I was sick. Whenever anything important happens in America, they have to gold-plate it, like baby shoes. That way you can forget it. And forgetting Carrie White may be a bigger mistake than anyone realizes †¦ Monday morning: Principal Grayle and his understudy, Pete Morton, were having coffee in Grayle’s office. ‘No word from Hargensen yet?’ Morty asked. His lips curled into a John Wayne leer that was a little frightened around the edges. ‘Not a peep. And Christine has stopped lipping off about how her father is going to send us down the road.’ Grayle blew on his coffee with a long face. ‘You don’t exactly seem to be turning cartwheels.’ ‘I’m not. Did you know Carrie White is going to the prom?’ Morty blinked. ‘With who? The Beak?’ The Beak was Freddy Holt, another of Ewen’s misfits. He weighed perhaps one hundred pounds soaking wet, and the casual observer might be tempted to believe that sixty of it was nose. ‘No,’ Grayle said. ‘With Tommy Ross.’ Morty swallowed his coffee the wrong way and went into a coughing fit. ‘That’s the way I felt,’ Grayle said. ‘What about his girl friend? The little Snell girl?’ I think she put him up to it,’ Grayle said. ‘She certainly seemed guilty enough about what happened to Carrie when I talked to her. Now she’s on the Decoration Committee, happy as a clam, just as if not going to her Senior prom was nothing at all.’ ‘Oh,’ Morty said wisely. ‘And Hargensen – I think he must have talked to some people and discovered we really could sue him on behalf of Carrie White if we wanted to. I think he’s cut his losses. It’s the daughter that’s worrying me.’ ‘Do you think there’s going to be an incident Friday night?’ ‘I don’t know. I do know Chris has got a lot of friends who are going to be there. And she’s going around with that Billy Nolan mess; he’s got a zooful of friends, too. The kind that make a career out of scaring pregnant ladies. Chris Hargensen has him tied around her finger, from what I’ve heard.’ ‘Are you afraid of anything specific?’ Grayle made a restless gesture. ‘Specific? No. But I’ve been in the game long enough to know it’s a bad situation. Do you remember the Stadler game in seventy-six?’ Morty nodded. It would take more than the passage of three years to obscure the memory of the Ewen-Stadler game. Bruce Trevor had been a marginal student but a fantastic basketball player. Coach Gaines didn’t like him, but Trevor was going to put Ewen in the area tournament for the first time in ten years. He was cut from the team a week before Ewen’s but must-win game against the Stadler Bobcats. A regular announced locker inspection had uncovered a kilo of marijuana behind Trevor’s civic book. Ewen lost the game – and their shot at the tourney – 104-48. But no one remembered that; what they remembered was the riot that had interrupted the game in the fourth period. Led by Bruce Trevor, who righteously claimed he had been bum rapped, it resulted in four hospital admissions. One of them had been the Stadler coach, who had been hit over the head with a first-aid kit. ‘I’ve got that kind of feeling,’ Grayle said. ‘A hunch. Someone’s going to come with rotten apples or something.’ ‘Maybe you’re psychic,’ Morty said. From The Shadow Exploded (pp. 92-93): It is now generally agreed that the TK phenomenon is a geneticrecessive occurrence – but the opposite of a disease like haemophilia, which becomes overt only in males. In that disease, once called ‘King’s Evil,’ the gene is recessive in the female and is carried harmlessly. Male offspring, however, are ‘bleeders.’ This disease is generated only if an afflicted male marries a woman carrying the recessive gene. If the offspring of such union is male, the result will be a haemophiliac son. If the offspring is female, the result will be a daughter who is a carrier. It should be emphasized that the haemophilia gene may be carried recessively in the male as a part of his genetic make-up. But if he marries a woman with the same outlaw gene, the result will be haemophilia if the offspring is male. In the case of royal families, where intermarriage was common, the chances of the gene reproducing once it entered the family tree were high – thus the name King’s Evil. Haemophilia also showed up in significant quantities in Appalachia during the earlier part of this century, and is commonly noticed in those cultures where incest and the marriage of first cousins is common. With the TK phenomenon, the male appears to be the carrier.. the TK gene may be recessive in the female, but dominates only in the female. It appears that Ralph White carried the gene. Margaret Brigham, by purest name, also carried the outlaw gene sign, but we may be fairly confident that it was recessive, as no information has ever been found to indicate that she had telekinetic powers resembling her daughter’s. Investigations are now being conducted into the life of Margaret Brigham’s grandmother, Sadie Cochran – for, if the dominant/recessive pattern obtains with TK as it does with haemophilia, Mrs Cochran must have been TK-dominant. If the issue of the White marriage had been male, the result would have been another carrier. Chances that the mutation would have died with him would have been excellent, as neither side of the Ralph White – Margaret Brigham alliance had cousins of a comparable age for the theoretical male offspring to marry. And the chances of meeting and marrying another woman with TK gene at random would be small. None of the teams working on the problem have yet isolated the gene. Surely no one can doubt, in light of the Maine holocaust, that isolating this gene must become one of medicine’s number-one priorities. The haemophiliac, or H-gene, produces male issue with a lack of blood platelets. The telekineticn or TK-gene, produces female Typhoid Marys capable of destroying almost at will †¦ Wednesday afternoon. Susan and fourteen other students – The Spring Ball Decoration Committee, no less – were working on the huge mural that would hang behind the twin bandstand on Friday night. The theme was Springtime in Venice (who picked thew hokey themes, Sue wondered. She had been a student at Ewen for four years, had after two Balls, and she still didn’t know. Why did the goddam thing need a theme, anyway? Why not just have a sock hop and be done with W): George Chizmar, Ewen’s most artistic student, had done a small chalk sketch of gondolas on a canal at sunset and a gondolier in a huge straw fedora leaning against the tiller as a gorgeous panoply of pinks and reds and oranges stained both sky and water. It was beautiful, no doubt about that. He had redrawn it in silhouette on a huge fourteen-by-twenty-foot canvas flat, numbering the various sections to go with the various chalk hues. Now the Committee was patiently colouring it in, like children crawling over a huge p age in a giant’s colouring book. Still, Sue thought, looking at her hands and forearms, both heavily dusted with pink chalk, it was going to be the prettiest prom ever. Next to her, Helen Shyres sat up on her haunches, stretched, and groaned as her back popped. She brushed a hank of hair from her forehead with the back of her hand, leaving a rose-coloured smear. ‘How in hell did you talk me into this?’ ‘You want it to be nice, don’t you?’ Sue mimicked Miss Geer, the spinster chairman (apt enough term for Miss Mustache) of the Decoration Committee. ‘Yeah, but why not the refreshment Committee or the Entertainment Committee? Less back, more mind. The mind, that’s my area. Besides, you’re not even -‘ She bit down on the words. ‘Going?’ Susan shrugged and picked up her chalk again. She had a monstrous writer’s cramp. ‘No, but I still want it to be nice.’ She added shyly: ‘Tommy’s going.’ They worked in silence for a bit, and then Helen stopped again. No one was near them; the closest was Holly Marshall, on the other end of the mural, colouring the gondola’s keel. ‘Can I ask you about it, Sue?’ Helen asked finally. ‘God, everybody’s talking.’ ‘Sure.’ Sue stopped colouring and flexed her hand. ‘Maybe I ought to tell someone, just so the story stays straight. I asked Tommy to take Carrie. I’m hoping it’ll bring her out of herself a little †¦ knock down some of the barriers. I think I owe her that much.’ ‘Whom does that put the rest of us?’ Helen asked without rancour. Sue shrugged. ‘You have to make up your own mind about what we did, Helen. I’m in no position to throw stones. But I don’t want people to think I’m uh †¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ How to cite Carrie Chapter Eight, Essay examples

Kant on Mind - Action - & Ethics

Questions: 1. Describe Immanuel Kants view of the world and his perception of human nature.2. What does Immanuel Kant see as the main source of human discord? 3 paragraph.3. What is Immanuel Kants prescription for human discord? Provide an example.4. What do you see as the main strengths and weaknesses of Immanuel Kants view of human nature?5. Describe Karl Marxs concept of the world and of human nature.6. What are the causes of human suffering according to Karl Marx?7. What is Karl Marxs prescription for the alleviation of human suffering? Provide an example.8. What do you see as the main strengths and weaknesses of Karl Marxs theories of human nature? Answers: 1. Immanuel Kant is considered as one of the greatest philosopher in western tradition. His contribution to ethics, epistemology and aesthetics had impact on every philosophical movement that followed him. A fundamental aspect of Kants philosophy was to describe scientific knowledge is possible. Kant argued that science depends on specific fundamental proposition. These principles cannot be proved empirically at the same time these principles are not tautologies either. In Kants view, they are priori proposition whose predicate concept is not remain contained in its subject concept but related and justification of the proposition does not depend upon experience. Kant was mainly focused in reconciling religion and morality with science. Kant perceptual knowledge of human nature depends upon the interaction between sensory states and incident outside the mind. According to Kant, the principles of human actions are far important than the exact result of the action itself. Since, if individuals are motivated by correct principles then he/she will exhibit ethical behavior. However, Kants state that human actions need to have universality. The essence of the theory is to never lie for greater future. Kant contrasts that reason demands that everyone will be moral. According to him, rational person should confirm their wills to the law of moral. Being moral is about having right intension and has nothing to do with the consequences of their other actions. In case of immorality, Kant believes that people freely choose to neglect their duty on one hand but at the same time, the propensity to evil is innate somehow (Saunders and Joe). 2. Kant has discussed the in definability of human nature in an effective manner. Kant has proposed a question about the nature of human being. He discussed the theory at the very centre of the philosophy. However, he never tried to provide a systematic answer to it. Kant has discussed that the peculiar characteristics of human species are indefinable. As per Kants theory, human nature is predispositions. He rejects the traditional definition of human being as he does not agree with the fact that human comes from animal rationale. Moreover, he discovers that rational capacities that facilitate them in opening our nature to modification by being the source of perfectibility. He analyses the reason that human capacity for an indeterminate mode of life is openended and self devised. On the contrary, the life of other animal is fixed for them by instinct. Therefore, the traditional definition suggests a confession that the human nature is in principle indefinable. The major difficulty of anthropology lies in regularities in individuals behavior that might also be indicative to human nature as such. Kant observed that major regularities of peoples behavior are because of their habit. However, habits describe only about how an individual going to react in a familiar situation. Still consider humans in several situations, different circumstances exhibits different habits of an individual. Further, habits have to be ambiguous if individuals have to perform one of their necessary psychic functions. Kants skepticism regarding human discord contains two factors. First, Kant has doubt regarding the capacity to study human nature. Kant seems to believe that psychological explanations will never be greater than conjectural or hypothetical. Kant also has doubts are about the principles of the anthropology. Since he believes that, everyone knows about the human nature gives their reason for disturbing their abilities to know themselves. 3. The problem indicating the character of human species is insoluble as e solution made based on the comparison of two species of rational being. However, experience does not indulge with the solution. Kant clearly believes in intelligent extraterrestrial life that indicates the fact about the fantasy of human exceptionalism. At one point, Kant briefly compares humans with as the possible rational being on the planet. He has explained that predicting the human nature is the most difficult task. The reason for the difficulties of predicting human nature is lack of empirical evidence of the specific natures of rational being. However, the comparison between humans and other terrestrial being could be conducted in an effective manner. On the other hand, Kants comparison between human beings and animals is naturalistic and biologically based. Kant always thinks differently about the nature of human species. For example, Wilson and other contemporary biology oriented theorist have the te ndency to see only continuities between human s and other animals. However, Kant suggests the fundamental discontinuities between the human and other animals. Kant has argued that human are not inherently rational. However, they have the capacity to become rational in the society. Kant has described that humans have strong tendency to disguise or conceal the truth about them. If humans notice that someone is observing him, then that individual either feel embarrassed or unable to show what he actually is. Hence, to understand humans true nature, Kant prescribed to observe peoples unconscious behavior. Therefore, Kants view that individual is psychologically opaque to themselves and to others has very little to do with their metaphysical postulate of freedom and many more things to do with several set of ideas usually associated with later thinkers. This is because Kant thinks that humans have tendency to make their representation obscure by letting them into unconsciousness. Kant thinks that an ideal example of this is the way humans deal with sexual desires and thoughts (Louden and Robert). 4. Kants theory gives moral laws and regulation that can be valid worldwide. Kant has a conception about human nature to an extent. According to him, the fundamental to the conception of humans having a collective history, which is to make them free and in this conception a strong feeling to struggle against their propensities to self-conceit, unsociability and inequality towards a universal free community in which every human being is striving in to a realm of ends. Kants this conception about human nature is authentically enlightenment. Kants philosophy as a whole is probably the most characteristic product of the social and intellectual movement, commonly as The Enlightenment. It is a unique source for all progressive action and thought. Weak terminology like a historical and individualistic can have many senses. Kant responds against the nature of human being was fundamental to all of his philosophy. Kants typical thought of Enlightenment is for defending the dignity and rights of individual human being. Kant has respect for human life. It holds as one of the important aspect of his theory. This ethical theory highlights most of the international laws. This theory also provides foundation for current conceptions of justice and equality. This theory also provides a basic human right theory. Kant theory is not overloaded with emotion. It also does not allow any favoritism for any close friends. This theory has standard objective is free from individuals own culture bias and interests. Inflexibility is an issue with Kants theory. There are many situations occurs where people think that is better to break rule than to remain in this theory. Some philosophers are also questioned the moral laws of Kants theory. Since, they does not relate with the objective of the morality. According to Kant, animal does not have any intrinsic value, which many environmentalists believe is wrong and dangerous. Some criticized the claim of duty of priority. Kants theory ask everyone to follow it, as it like a universal rule. Kant have faith in reattribute justice. It does not allow any mercy. Many believe that this might have immense negative impact on the society (Franke, Mark). 5. Marxs theory regarding estrangement is directly rooted in his theory of human nature. Marxs biological model of human nature describes the way human species are different from other animals in a very general way. Marx held a consistent assumption that human nature is expressed in a drive to spontaneously and able to produce products in a manner that is conductive to individual and social satisfaction. Marx theory implies that individual satisfaction comes in the form of others satisfaction. Alienation posits theory of Marx implies that the human is alienated from the production process, product, fellow people and from himself. If there is no sense of self then the final moment of alienation will eventually become nonsensical. Marx historical model argues Benthams Normal Man concept. Historical model points out those properties that are subjected to change. According to Marx, if a man is confronted by himself then the other man will confront him as well. According to Marx, one element will determine where an individual stands in the social class hierarchy. Still Marx does make distinction between Entausserung and Entfremdung. However, in human nature this distinction is very little but it is an important one which Marx tries to describe in his theory. 6. According to Marx, every criticism starts with the criticism of religion. This is often considered as the starting position that ends with a view that religion is optimum for the people. Marx stated that the religion is the sigh of the creature in a hostile world. The description of the religion as the heart of this heartless world thus eventually becomes a critique of religion, as it exists. Even though actions and understanding is closely linked in Marx theory. Marx took idealistic and Hegelian approach and added in a materialistic grounding from Feuerbach. For him religion is the most divine feeling in a man. Marx synthesis of debate between Feuerbach and Hegel is to agree with them but to turn both of them upside down. Thus, Marx was able to launch the Communist Manifesto with the intention that the history of all existing is the story of struggles. For Marx, this was a real factor of history; struggles between real classes that produced historical outcomes which again went on to become new struggles. Marx thought of leaving humans in Buddhas family is because he thought it might change peoples materialistic conditions and might minimize their suffering. According to Marx, religion is merely a temporary painkiller that everyone needs to take until everyone get a better world that does not require it. Marx explains that human suffering will not end by changing world but by changing themselves. 7. Human suffering is something that always present in the society. Although the suffering may take different forms several societal and historical contexts, there are lots of elements of suffering. Rightly, Marx saw religion as one of the major social structures contributing to humanitys current and deplored state of affairs. Marx bought Enlightenment notion of progress. Marx theory tries to develop a society where everybody in the society helps each other to reduce the human suffering (Kitching and Gavin). Marx perception of materialism is the understanding the societys reality. In this theory, capitalism philosophy is grounded in both materialist and dialectical. As a materialist, Marx not agrees with the existence of the God. Yet he felt that humanities destiny is still have hope. Marx believes that the proletariat revolution is a key. Marx theory encourages people especially from the lower class to work hard to overcome their insufficient economical condition. According to Marx, world system was inherently unfair. As in this society, nobody has any concern about the other individuals. Marx viewed that socialism is the major factor of this heartless society. Hence, Marx prescribed capitalism so that world can be a society where everyone took care of others (Veblen and Thorstein). 8. The main strength of Marxism is a theoretical one. This theory explains a humane way to run an entire society. In Marx society, everyone will help each other and nobody will remain poor in the entire society. Marx theory helps to raise increase awareness on everyones mind. Specially, for those peoples who belong to the lower class of the society, Marx theory is influential. Since it gives them the believe that they could get rid of their uncondussive and poor life. However, main weakness of Marx theorys major weakness is that it does not go with the real life situation. Since, this theory does not take into account the necessary selfishness and greediness of human being. Marx relies on individual to work extremely hard just to become rich from their efforts. However, the real world situation is somewhat different from this. Marxs economy is also always have been unproductive and inefficient (Berlin and Isaiah). Marx also failed to consider ecological sustainability in his theory. According to Marx, capitalism is the cause of all major problems. In other words, Marx theory has no idea about the limit of growth concept. Marxist idea about changing society is also highly criticized by Anarchists. It also failed to consider the unacceptable dangers in taking an authoritarian centralists approach. Since, it is very much possible that those in control of the society are very likely to become a dictator. In Marx theory, too much importance is given on the economical factors in describing social change and development. References: Saunders, Joe. "Kant on Mind, Action, Ethics." (2016). Louden, Robert, et al. "Lectures on anthropology: the Cambridge edition of the works of Immanuel Kant." (2013): 1-640. Franke, Mark FN.Global limits: Immanuel Kant, international relations, and critique of world politics. SUNY Press, 2014. Berlin, Isaiah.Karl Marx. Princeton University Press, 2013. Veblen, Thorstein.The socialist economics of Karl Marx and his followers. Read Books Ltd, 2015. Kitching, Gavin.Karl Marx and the Philosophy of Praxis (RLE Marxism). Vol. 6. Routledge, 2015.

The Printing Press and the Cultural Emancipation of Early-Modern Europe, 1450-1800 Essay Example

The Printing Press and the Cultural Emancipation of Early-Modern Europe, 1450-1800 Essay The Printing Press and the Cultural Emancipation of Early-Modern Europe, 1450-1800 Merriam-Websters English dictionary defines emancipation as the, [freedom] from restraint, control, or the power of another, and [freedom] from any controlling influence. The cultural emancipation that began in early-modern Europe prior to the Renaissance had a deep effect on the lives of its constituents. The printing press, invented in 1455 by Johannes Gutenberg, presented the public with a new forum for book production as the very first method of mass publication. Previously, should multiple copies be printed, each would have to be transcribed by hand, a task which would be both labour-intensive, and take place over a large stretch of time. Due to both of these factors, the cost of purchasing a manuscript was astronomical, and limited to the privileged few who pertained to the upper-class, possessing small fortunes which could be spent frivolously. Prior to Gutenberg’s revolutionary invention, individuals were taught by religious leaders and could seek no information on their own. The printing machine led to an increase in the number of books and decreased the price of them dramatically. There was a large demand for books but they were constructed very slowly by virtue of the fact that they were made by hand. The new efficient production method made the books accessible to common people for the first time. This accessibility quickly led to an increased number of literate and more educated individuals. These books became the wheel for the vehicle of cultural expression and emancipation from the choke hold of the church and state. We will write a custom essay sample on The Printing Press and the Cultural Emancipation of Early-Modern Europe, 1450-1800 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Printing Press and the Cultural Emancipation of Early-Modern Europe, 1450-1800 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Printing Press and the Cultural Emancipation of Early-Modern Europe, 1450-1800 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The printing press has been the main influence on an information revolution that has created drastic change in the lives of all individuals involved. It has given people the opportunity to spread their opinions and read about those of others, changing the landscape of mass communication, which has acted as a catalyst to the introducing and spread of new culture that is defined by the ideology of the majority. The history of the printing press is rooted in central Europe but has origins in the Far East as well. Printing presses were known in China but were not used, despite their efficiency. While it was invented over three decades prior to Gutenbergs metal printing press, the benefit of the new system was not as evident as there are thousands of Chinese characters, a far stretch from the simple 26-character modern alphabet used in European languages. While Gutenberg began by using wooden blocks to produce text, he transitioned to metal typography or letterpress printing in 1430 after moving to Strasbourg. The metal lettering could allow for quicker reproduction since one mold would need to be produced and replication would become less difficult. The new printing presses, despite Gutenbergs attempts to conceal them spread through Europe quickly. The books were being printed on cheap paper and no longer cost a fortune. Before the new printing presses, Cambridge’s publishing house owned a total of 122 books in its library. Each of these books cost the same as a small farm home or a vineyard. By 1499 publishing houses were developed in more than 2500 locations in Europe allowed for an ease of publication that had never been seen up-to-date. The landscape for literacy has evolved quickly. As mentioned in an article on the cultural effect of the printing press, Fifteen million books had been flung into a world where scholars would travel miles to visit a library stocked with twenty hand-written volumes. While the number of volumes released to the public is debated by scholars, as mentioned in the article itself, it is the effect of this increase in volume of books that is the truly staggering observable change. With a population hungry for knowledge, the new books were eagerly accepted and literacy rates began on a path of steady increase in most regions of Europe between the 16th and 19th centuries. As stated in the following article, The impact of Gutenbergs printing press in Europe was comparable to the development of writing, the invention of the alphabet or the Internet, as far as its effects on society. Literacy and adequate literature are the keys to the social and cultural emancipation of a population and literacy serves as a stepping stone which leads to a series of cascading mechanisms which activate a transformation in a society. The increase in readership following the invention of the Gutenberg press created an adequate setting for the introduction of a social movement. Literacy was essential to the comprehension of complex ideas in text and to develop and organize systems within which the scholarly and political organizations of the day and their members could function dexterously. The printing press did not immediately produce an explosion of democratization, but it laid the stepping stones for universal education and eventually the first newspaper. In the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the printing press was using inexpensive printing material and established the premises for widespread schooling. Governments were given the opportunity to educate entire populations and took complete advantage of the technological printing press break through. Mass literacy was quickly acknowledged as a powerful instrument available to governments and education became a priority for many. Governments pushed for literacy in the hope to create populations that were more identifiable with the government rather than local communities. They wanted groups that could respond to a central system of governance that would participate in industries and trades. Their actions, however, generated a population with critical political resources. They gathered the government’s strengths and weaknesses and came to their own conclusions about the world. Literacy generated more conscientious people who demanded rights and privileges from their government. The goals that the government had attempted to reach were in stark contrast with the reality of the situation. The printing press gave way to scientific journals, critical readings, and essays. Individuals were now able to voice their opinions and beliefs within a written context. It allowed people to construct their social realities with their own definitions of gender, race and class taking power away from the authorities, which previously possessed it, and giving it to the working class. Individuals, before the increase in literacy which was realized by mass communication, relied solely on what was taught to them by authoritative leaders and religious figures. Now, they had more education on the main principles and access to what then seemed like innumerable sources for debate within their social circles. With this, the individuals found themselves relating to each other more than the central power educating them and came together to contest their power. In contrast, illiteracy was not only the incapability of reading and writing but formed the difference between those that are culturally deprived and those that are culturally rich. As literacy rates grew exponentially, it allowed for new forms of expression between neighbors, friends, and acquaintances and unified them. This rapidly spread quality information throughout the proletariat and petite bourgeoisie, adapting not only culture, but also blurring the lines between the supposed rich and poor, making information a new form of currency in the middle class. Literacy rate increases have been described often and in many revolutions as the underlying cause of their uprisings. With the promulgation of troubling information regarding the current legislation, many important actors in cultural revolutions have been spurred to coalesce in the battle against the repressive conditions instilled by their governments. Three major revolutions – the English, the French, and Russian – took place when the literacy rate was higher than ordinary. The English revolution, for example, took place when the number of persons within the population that were literate had exceeded one third, a number than far exceeded its previous levels. In the English revolution, the people were capable of not only revoking the power of the government through their unification, they managed to execute their king. With the literature passed around regarding the practices of the monarchy, though biased, it served to unify the people in their ideology and changed the political atmosphere of the country as a whole leading to a tremendous cultural change in the form of an experimental period of government. Replacing the monarchy of King Charles I was a period known as the Commonwealth which emphasized the unification of the people. This change in the pattern of human activity created a new culture where class was less prominent and the commoners set the grounds for social action. Governments are extremely aware of the disadvantages of information equality and the threats it poses and mass literacy was even considered a danger in the eighteenth century by authority figures. They understood its meaning at its consequences if it was implemented into the population. Bernard Mandeville was of the most active critics on this topic and argued it thoroughly in ‘Essay on Charity and Charity-Schools’. He argued that the public needed to remain ignorant to stay happy with their lives as laborers, with little information on how to make their lives better, they would be less inclines to challenge or make demands of the government. Literacy and education in the eighteenth century were associated with social mobility. Literacy was viewed as a threat to social order and stability, and a threat to the church and state. The spread of information has the capability to lead to social reforms and emancipations and, as mentioned, has done so in the past. A literate population has the potential to oppose and abbreviate the term of a government, and most importantly to reform its practices. Mass communication of literature empowers individuals and populations and is the creator of a basis for freedom, liberation, and cultural emancipation. With the invention of the printing press, more than one cultural phenomenon took place. The mass publication of books, the spread of information to the working classes, the creation of a middle class, and the replacement of government and church power with unity of the population against totalitarian regimes are all results of Gutenbergs letterpress printing. By cutting costs, increasing accessibility, and implementing a better education system, the privilege of literacy was no longer exclusive to the upper class, and allowed for a more aware and responsive population. The immense and revolutionary change which it [the invention of printing] brought about can be summarized in one sentence: Until that time every book was a manuscript. Without a final publication of a manuscript, and a transformation into a piece of literature, it is nothing and cannot survive. Just as that statement is explained in the quote, without the spread of an idea, it can never become an ideology. With the spread of information, ignorant bliss was replaced with informed activism and exoneration from government and church control. The unification of the people that resulted from the mass publication by printing presses is an indicator that when given the opportunity to spread opinions and choose their path, entire populations can design their own living conditions. Cultural change and emancipation is gradual but with the right tools it can leave lasting impressions. ** Bibliography 1. ) Comitini, Patricia. Vocational Philanthropy and British Women’s Writing, 1790-1810. London: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. , 2005. 2. ) Einstein, Elizabeth L. The Printing Press as an Agent of Change: Communications and Cultural Transformations in Early-Modern Europe. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1979. 3. ) â€Å"Emancipated. † Def. 1-3. The Merriam-Webster Dictionary. 10th ed. 2002. 4. ) Freire, Paulo, and Donaldo Pereira Macedo. Literacy: Reading the Word the World. Oxford: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1987. 5. Jones, Idris D. The English Revolution: An Introduction to English History, 1603-1714. London: W. Heinemann, 1952. 6. ) Kreis, Steven, The Printing Press. 13 May 2004. The History Guide. 20 Feb. 2008. www. historyguide. org/intellect/press/html. 7. ) Midlarsky, Manus I. Inequality, Democracy, and Economic Development. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997. 8. ) Oxford Review of Education. The Cultural Origins of Popular Literacy in Eng land 1500-1850. Lacqueur, Thomas. Vol. 2, No. 3. Taylor Francis, Ltd. , 1976. Pp. 255-275. ***

Free Essays on The Australian Legal System Fails Rape Victims

â€Å"The experience of the few women who do seek justice after being raped is heartbreaking testament to the failure of the adversarial criminal law achieving convictions† Do you agree with this proposition? Justify your position. Similar to many Western countries, Australia uses the adversary system in both criminal and civil cases. The standard of proof of the adversary system in criminal cases is â€Å"proof beyond reasonable doubt†, and with a nation-wide rape conviction rate of one per cent, many important questions are being raised. One of these issues stems from the rate of report of sexual offences to the police, which currently stands at approximately 15%. There are many reasons for this number being so low, the most worrying being â€Å"fear of legal system† or at least a lack of faith in it, by victims. A Rape Crisis Hotline in Victoria receives 15,000 calls per year from distressed women who are victims of sexual assault. Most of them do not report their ordeal to the police for this exact reason; â€Å"the victims fear the system, the think it will just chew them up and spit them out with nothing to show for the whole nightmare†. Other reasons cited by rape victims for not reporting attacks include â€Å"feeling ashamed† and â€Å"being blamed or held responsible by the police or courts†. On top of this, there is the very real knowledge that the chances of their attacker being convicted at a trial and punished for his crime (men still represent 93% of sex offenders) are on ly one in 100. In NSW in 2000-01 of the approximate 3% of the sexual assaults that reached the Courts, 36% were acquitted and only 30% were convicted (12% of which were convicted on a lesser offence). ‘Tracey’ [not her real name],44, of Victoria, and was sexually molested by her father from the age of four up to the age of 15, at which point she moved out of home. ‘Tracey’ was also raped by her father in her early twenties. In 200... Free Essays on The Australian Legal System Fails Rape Victims Free Essays on The Australian Legal System Fails Rape Victims â€Å"The experience of the few women who do seek justice after being raped is heartbreaking testament to the failure of the adversarial criminal law achieving convictions† Do you agree with this proposition? Justify your position. Similar to many Western countries, Australia uses the adversary system in both criminal and civil cases. The standard of proof of the adversary system in criminal cases is â€Å"proof beyond reasonable doubt†, and with a nation-wide rape conviction rate of one per cent, many important questions are being raised. One of these issues stems from the rate of report of sexual offences to the police, which currently stands at approximately 15%. There are many reasons for this number being so low, the most worrying being â€Å"fear of legal system† or at least a lack of faith in it, by victims. A Rape Crisis Hotline in Victoria receives 15,000 calls per year from distressed women who are victims of sexual assault. Most of them do not report their ordeal to the police for this exact reason; â€Å"the victims fear the system, the think it will just chew them up and spit them out with nothing to show for the whole nightmare†. Other reasons cited by rape victims for not reporting attacks include â€Å"feeling ashamed† and â€Å"being blamed or held responsible by the police or courts†. On top of this, there is the very real knowledge that the chances of their attacker being convicted at a trial and punished for his crime (men still represent 93% of sex offenders) are on ly one in 100. In NSW in 2000-01 of the approximate 3% of the sexual assaults that reached the Courts, 36% were acquitted and only 30% were convicted (12% of which were convicted on a lesser offence). ‘Tracey’ [not her real name],44, of Victoria, and was sexually molested by her father from the age of four up to the age of 15, at which point she moved out of home. ‘Tracey’ was also raped by her father in her early twenties. In 200...

Poverty across Cultures Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Poverty across Cultures - Research Paper Example Persons undergoing poverty in Paris during the 1930s and 1990s in the U.S. had a lot of valid things in common as well as major diversifications. And this is because of reasons relating to: The working poor in both Paris and U.S. had minimal access to the healthcare; they both worked long tiresome hours and had antagonistic relationships with their employers (Brown & Orwell, p3). On the other hand, Parisian workers were able to take pride in their work entirely free from the low-wage workers in the U.S. ProofPoverty varies greatly across the population depending on education, age, family arrangements, work profession and place of residence just to mention but a few. Still under the poverty description, the average family of four was measured poor in the year 2013 if its yearly income was below $23,834.   The measure of poverty presently at use was designed 50 years ago and was embraced as the formal U.S. statistical poverty measure in 1969. Apart from the less complicated changes a nd variations in economic prices, the poverty line is still similar to what was designed half a century ago.   A considerate look at Orwell’s Prize Down and Out in Paris and London, we are directed to the way Orwell tries to display the existing poverty he lived through while in Paris and London. Orwell employs the use of an anonymous narrator and through him describes his daily life within the poorer areas of Paris during the 19th century (early 1900s). He talks of the dirt, din, bugs and everything else in details (Brown & Orwell, p3).

Darwins Rib Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Darwins Rib - Essay Example Science follows a series of research by scientists while the bible summarizes the story of creation. The theory needs people to believe (Root-Bernstein 1). The bible has two ways of explaining how the creation story theory came about. One is that, God makes things to appear and the other one is God works through his chosen ways. He created Adam and removed one of his ribs to create Eve though they committed sin by eating the forbidden fruit. Creationism should not be taught as a science lesson because the theory does not have the series of evidence like evolution. Additionally, creationism involves a super natural being and science does not approve its existence. Several unanswered questions appear in the story of creation. For example, creation answers the origin of God while evolution answers all questions through research (Root-Bernstein 1). The two theories are respectable. The theory of evolution by Darwin gives enough evidence and challenges the creation theory. His research findings prove a point that humans have evolved. However, the creation theory makes a lot of sense because religion is about believing in the unseen God who affects our lives. His work is also

His Name is Christ Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

His Name is Christ - Essay Example This author stresses that Christ Jesus speaks on a higher level, we may say, about His life, His death, His purpose for coming to earth. Prefixing Jesus with Christ is more than naming him it's telling us who He is, better still, what He encompasses, His whole being - the Messiah. He  had seen the reference to Paul's writings in Romans and read the passage. "Whose are the fathers, and of whom as concerning the flesh Christ became, who is over all, God blessed for ever. Amen." He read the passage three times before he saw it. Paul refers to Christ as Christ repeatedly throughout his writings. Christ the name, not Christ the entity for lack of a better phrase. In this one passage Paul is speaking not of the man Christ. He clearly states that he is not speaking of the earthly body when he makes reference to the flesh. Rather, Paul is speaking when he uses the word Christ in this instance to speak of the sovereignty of Christ and the special unbreakable bond expressed in the lineage of Isaac - the seed. He is to that seed the anointed one. He is the one through whom all the children of the seed must go to bridge to the Father. Paul, in his understated eloquence of words which often sound very simple, holds so much that in one verse he conveyed such truth. The reporter outlines that   Paul never knew Christ the man, having already been crucified and ascended before Paul was called. Paul, however, at this moment chose to use Christ here to show the sovereignty of Christ. Paul himself was called not because he was Jew, not because of the promise, but he was called to bring the seed of the promise to Him. This passage demanded that he speak of Christ as the anointed. If he may make a personal aside, he has noted since beginning this essay, Paul, throughout his writings, refers to Christ as Christ in many instances. I see the closeness of Paul to Christ and such a deep understanding of Him expressed in all of Paul's writings. It is difficult to remember at times that they never walked together, at least on the earthly plane, in the flesh. Yet, Paul has, in my opinion, a much deeper understanding and closeness to Christ than, perhaps, those with whom Jesus had actually, in physical form, walked. The second point on which I would like to comment is found on page 81 where reference is made to how John defines the uniqueness of Christ's relationship with God. "Jesus saith unto her, Touch me not; for he is not yet ascended to my Father, and your Father; and to my God, and your God." The Second Article states that it is this passage which shows the uniqueness of Christ's relationship with God and "clearly distances the kind of relationship Jesus had with the Father from that of other humans." Undisputable is the fact that, indeed, Christ had a unique relationship with the Father. He is the Father. However, that debate is for another time. That being said, the passage in John which was quoted as evidence of Jesus distancing His relationship with God from that of His believers is not accurate. Looking at the passage in context, Christ appeared before Mary after He was raised from the dead, but not yet ascended.

Environmental Issues In Australia Environmental Sciences Essay

Environmental Issues In Australia Environmental Sciences Essay Climate change has come to a stop and is now a major political talking point in Australia in the last two decades. Persistent drought and resulting water restrictions during the first decade of the twenty-first century are an example of natural events attributed by the mainstream media to climate change 1.1 Energy use Australia is a major exporter and consumer of coal, the combustion of which liberates CO2. Consequently, in 2003 Australia was the eighth highest emitter of CO2 gases per capita in the world liberating 16.5 tonnes per capita. Australia is claimed to be one of the countries most at risk from climate change according to the Stern report. Most of Australias demand for electricity depends upon coal-fired thermal generation, owing to the plentiful indigenous coal supply, limited potential for hydro-electric generation and political unwillingness to exploit indigenous uranium resources (although Australia accounted for the worlds second highest production of uranium in 2005) to fuel a carbon neutral domestic nuclear energy program 2 Conservation Conservation in Australia is an issue of state and federal policy. Australia is one of the most biologically diverse countries in the world, with a large portion of species endemic to Australia. Preserving this wealth of biodiversity is important for future generations. A key conservation issue is the preservation of biodiversity, especially by protecting the remaining rainforests. The destruction of habitat by human activities, including land clearing, remains the major cause of biodiversity loss in Australia. The importance of the Australian rainforests to the conservation movement is very high. Australia is the only western country to have large areas of rainforest intact. Forests provide timber, drugs, and food and should be managed to maximize the possible uses. Currently, there are a number of environmental movements and campaigners advocating for action on saving the environment, one such campaign is the Big Switch and I Love Earth. Land management issues including clearance of native vegetation, reafforestation of once-cleared areas, control of exotic weeds and pests, expansion of dryland salinity, and changed fire regimes. Intensification of resource use in sectors such as forestry, fisheries, and agriculture are widely reported to contribute to biodiversity loss in Australia. Coastal and marine environments also have reduced biodiversity from reduced water quality caused by pollution and sediments arising from human settlements and agriculture. In central New South Wales where there are large plains of grassland, problems have risen fromà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬unusual to sayà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬lack of land clearing. The Daintree Rainforest, a tropical rainforest near Daintree, Queensland covering around 1200 square kilometres, is threatened by logging, development, mining and the effects of the high tourist numbers. 3 Invasive species Australias geographical isolation has resulted in the evolution of many delicate ecological relationships that are sensitive to foreign invaders and in many instances provided no natural predators for many of the species subsequently introduced. Introduced plants that have caused widespread problems are lantana and the prickly pear bush. The introduction and spread of animals such as the cane toad or rabbit can disrupt the existing balances between populations and develop into environmental problems. The introduction of cattle into Australia and to a lesser extent the dingo, are other examples of species that have changed the landscape. In some cases the introduction of new species can lead to plagues and the extinction of endemic species. The introduced species red fox has single-handedly caused the extinction of several species. Tasmania takes the threat of red fox introduction so seriously that it has a government sponsored taskforce to prevent fox populations from taking hold on the island 4 Land clearing In the prehistory of Australia the indigenous Australians used fire-stick farming which was an early form of land clearing which caused long term changes to the ecology. With European colonisation land clearing continued on a larger scale for agriculture particularly for cattle, cotton and wheat production. Since European settlement a total of 13% of native vegetation cover has been lost. The extinction of 20 different mammals, 9 bird and 97 plant species have been partially attributed to land clearing. Land clearing is a major source of Australiaà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s greenhouse gas emissions, and contributed to approximately 12 percent of Australiaà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s total emissions in 1998. The consequences of land clearing include dryland salinity and soil erosion. These are a major concern to the landcare movement in Australia. The clearing of native vegetation is controlled by Federal laws (indirectly), State law and local planning instruments. The precise details of regulation of vegetation clearing differ according to the location where clearing is proposed. 5 Waterway health The protection of waterways in Australia is a major concern for various reasons including habitat and biodiversity, but also due to use of the waterways by humans. The Murray-Darling Basin is under threat due to irrigation in Australia, causing high levels of salinity which affect agriculture and biodiversity in New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia. These rivers are also affected by pesticide run-off and drought. 6 Water use Water use is a major sustainability issue in Australia. During times of drought Water restrictions in Australia apply to conserve water. Climate change may intensify drought in Australia putting pressure on water resources and leading to alternative water sources including construction of Water tanks, dams, Water transportation and desalination plants many of which affect water catchments and put increasing pressure on the environment. www.tu.org/ www.abc.net.au/news/topic/mining-environmental-issues www.abc.net.au/environment/articles/2009/12/07/2764044.htm www.fwrgroup.com.au/10-environmental-problems.html www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/subscriber.nsf/0//46130_2010.pd

Living at Treasure Island :: Descriptive Essay Examples

Living at Treasure Island Just imagine that you are sitting on the beach, smelling the salt air, and feeling the cool breeze. The sun is slowly melting into the ocean and the sky is the shade of bright purple that can only be seen at dusk. It has been a long, hot day in the s un, and it feels nice to finally let it end. This is what living in Treasure Island, Florida is all about. Treasure Island is a small community inside St. Petersburg, Florida. The island is only seven miles long and a half-mile wide. It is directly in between St. Pete Beach and Madiera Beach. There are not very many full-time residents on the island beca use there are so many hotels. Tourism is the business in Treasure Island, because the weather is warm all year. During the winter months, elderly people come from the cooler states to escape the cold weather. The Florida natives call these tourists "Snowbird" or "blue-hairs." Th ese tourists really do earn these unsavory titles because they all drive five miles an hour. This makes the locals crazy. After the snowbirds leave, all of the summer tourists arrive. These are usually families driving mini-vans with ten bratty kids wh o are all out of school for the summer. Despite the fact that these tourists are a pain, life in Treasure Island is wonderful. Everyone who lives on the island is very friendly and extremely easy going. This type of person seems to be bred at the beach. It seems as if no one really has an y worries or complaints when they live at the beach. For example, people who attend church at the beach do not even bother to dress up. Churchgoers wear shorts, tennis shoes, and a sun hat. Their attitude is very different from that of an urban area. Native born beachers seem to look at life from a practical point of view. I believe that they do this because of the heat. It is not uncommon for the temperature to hit 101 degrees in the shade on Treasure Island. The ocean breeze is nice, but is do es not always help. For example, my mother once left a cassette tape in the back window of her car and when she returned two hours later, is was liquid plastic.

Of Mice and Men Essay

Two Itinerant migrant workers, George Milton and Lennie Smalls, are best friends, they have a unique relationship, almost one of father and son opposed to two adults, George looks after and cares for Lennie due to his limited metal abilities, which is often getting them into trouble, hence the reason they were chased out of town from their previous employment, They find work in a ranch in Northern California where they hope to save enough money to settle down and own a piece of land to attain the ‘American Dream’, which suggests that America is the land of prosperity and opportunity but as easy as dreams are made these dreams can also be easily shattered. At the ranch the atmosphere appears to be dangerous, when they are confronted with the bosses’ son Curley whom takes an instant disliking to Lennie, as he feels inferior to larger men, Curley’s Wife also opposes a problem, as she is very flirtatious. As they begin to settle in the ranch, their dream begin to take shape, when two other ranch hands are enticed and would like to be a part of it, the pair are overwhelmed that their dream is slowly turning into a reality. But the story turns when Lennie is left alone, and his love to stroke things ends up with him killing Curley’s Wife, the story then takes an emotional twist, when George is then faced with the dilemma to take his friends life, to save him from the lynch mob sent by Curley. Setting In the opening of the book during the first two pages it describes the tranquil peaceful surrounding of Northern California, â€Å"hillside bank runs deep and green† (pg18) this portrays the beautiful surrounding which is the disturbed by the arrival of two characters. The writer, John Steinbeck shows this by â€Å"rabbits hurried noiselessly for cover† (pg19) suggests the arrival of these two characters has disturbed the tranquil setting; this gives the reader the message that these characters bring trouble. At the end of the book, when both characters George and Lennie are sitting by the river bank, Steinbeck gives the reader the sense of panic by the quotations he uses, as Curley’s mob draw nearer, the writer first describes the atmosphere as â€Å"Shadow in the valley, blue and soft†(pg 144), this suggests that there is a calm before the storm. As more time passes the atmosphere around these two characters gets intense, â€Å"evening breeze blew over the clearing†, (pg 145), the atmosphere is changing around them, Steinbeck is creating a build up, causing a suspense that something is going to happen. When George shoots Lennie the atmosphere then is described as â€Å"the brush seemed filled with cries†, (pg 148) which symbolizes the loss of George, As this is such a great loss for him, losing his best friend, shows the love of their friendship was so strong that George could not let Lennie, die at the hands of Curley’s mob, You get the feel of their friendship, when both men are having a conversation about the dream, before Lennie is shot, â€Å"For the rabbit George†,(pg146), this suggests that George put Lennie is a false sense of security, so that he was in a happy place before he died, this shows how strong their friendship is. Characters George and Lennie George and Lennie are the two main characters, George is described as a small intelligent but uneducated man, George is ambitious who has big dreams in life. Lennie is a large man of statue with great strength and a big heart but his limited mental abilities, means he relies on George for his survival, he is a calm character and like a child he likes to hear stories from George, he doesn’t understand the consequences of his strength, resulting with him often getting the pair in serious trouble. George and Lennie have a unique relationship, you get a contrast of the love hate relationship between the two, There are quotes in the book where George suggests that he could get along better without Lennie, â€Å"I could get along easy and so nice if I didn’t have you on my tail†(pg24), this suggests that George feels that Lennie holds him back in life, but then in another quote when George is speaking to another character, he becomes defensive this shows that he cares about what people think of Lennie †what’s funny about it† and â€Å"He ain’t no cuckoo†(pg67) , this shows the contrast that on the one hand George believes Lennie slows him down in life, but then he feels that he has to care and protect Lennie. Narrative There is the use of slang and non Standard English throughout the book, the dialect used, is that of the slang used by an Itinerant workers at that time, this is effective because it helps to add to the realism of the story and creates a strong impact upon the readers. In book the narrative changes from third person to first person requently this is effective because you get both views and makes the story seem more believable and for the reader to sympathize with the characters. The use of figurative language in ‘Of Mice and Men’ creates the atmosphere of reality. In the beginning of the book the Narrative is in third person style, Lennie is described as â€Å"Sloping shoulders†(pg19) And George is described as â€Å"Strong features†,(pg19) this is effective because, it makes the reader visualize what these characters look like, instead of having a bias view from a first person account. The first person accounts are effective because, In a first person account you can believe the passion of that person for example† He’s dumb as hell†, (pg 65) this is more genuine as it makes the reader believe what the characters views are.

Business Strategy

Business Strategy SuperWeb Consulting is outsourcing the training needs of the new automateddentist-scheduling calendar. EMV Enterprises is the selected provider to helpimplement the most cost-effective, low-risk way to make DentaSmile employeesmore innovative, effective, and focused.EMV Enterprises plans to effectively gather the training needs and expectations fromDentaSmile. They will establish clear goals and a continuous review process.The quality of our Instructors, materials, equipment for training are the best in the industry.EMV will use the 'skills-gap analysis' tool as a training module to measure the proficiency of the new automated dentist-scheduling calendar. These types of tools optimize training costs. EMV Enterprises promotes the train-the-trainer and coaching approach.Benefits:There are many benefits in outsourcing training: · Use of different methods to deliver training to reduce training costs. · Some use of e-learning will provide the fastest return on investment (ROI) · Out sourcing training services adds credibility to the training that has been done in-house.Occupy-knoxville-10-07-11-tn92 · Well-trained employees stay longer, and outsourcing makes the training process better and easier. · Improved training leads to better employees who it turn improve the customers' experience · Decrease Inefficiencies · Provide expert and practical hands on training to enhance the quality of their work. · Optimal use of time: Disruptions will be to a minimum with users remaining on-site. · Training will be scheduled at a time that best suits DentalSmile Group and dental practices.Pricing:DentaSmile proposed training budget is estimated to $35,000.EMV Enterprises will provide cost savings of 30% return on investment.Quality: · Provide high quality "hands-on" training of all aspects of the dentist-scheduling calendar content to enable dental practices staff to work more effectively. · quality and efficiency, with related cost savings being seen as an a dditional, though significant to people and tools.Outsourcing option: Documentation...

Stealth NHS essays

Stealth NHS essays Assess the claim that the NHS is being privatised by stealth. The National Health Service was set up in 1948 to provide healthcare for all citizens, based on need, not the ability to pay. It is made up of a wide range of health professionals, support workers and organisations. The NHS claims to bring about the highest level of physical and mental health for all citizens, within the resources available. They claim to do this by, promoting health and preventing ill health; diagnosing and treating injury and disease; caring for those with a long-term illness and disability. The NHS is predominantly funded by taxation, and the level of GNP devoted to health care is the lowest of any comparable developed country at 6.7% of GDP (NHS Support Federation 1999). Because the NHS is funded by the taxpayer, it is accountable to Parliament. It is managed by Department of Health - which is directly responsible to the secretary of state for health John Reid. The department sets overall health policy in England, is the headquarters for the NHS and is responsible for putting policy into practice. It also sets targets for the NHS and monitors performance through its four directors of health and social care. The NHS is one of the largest employers in Europe. It has more than a million staff working in over a thousand Trusts. Around one million people work for the NHS in England and it costs more than 60 billion a year to run, and the figure is rapidly rising annually. In 2002, the socialist healthcare system which was ranked highest by the World Health Organisation was France. France combines a system of private and public hospitals. The French system has two obvious advantages over the discredited British system. Firstly, it encourages the growth of privately owned hospitals and consultancies in greater numbers than the British have. Secondly, it encourages a degree of competition and innovation as private hospitals compete with each othe...

Community Project Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Community Project - Research Paper Example While most people may have little idea on Measles as a contagious infection, it is crucial to note that the disease is very transferable, unbridled, and fatal if not controlled within the predetermined period. The highest case of outburst of Measles was reported back between 1985 and1991. Statistics reveal that during this period, more than 790 cases surfaced. This number comprised 26 cases documented from four states of the US including California, Colorado, Utah and California. The cases were reported of people with running nose, cough, red eyes and sore throat. These are typical signs of measles. More than half, of the 26 were children infested with the virus and not vaccinated It farther shows that the most affected population comprised of the health workers as supported by the data. Of the total cases reported, workers in the health sector accounted for 1.1% and were mainly adults. It is interesting to note that 29% health workers were nurses, 15% were physicians 11% other occupational health workers mainly working in the laboratory and radiological technicians. However, there was a decline in the Measles incidence rates as of 1993 and late 1991 which was a reprieve to the world a little bit. During this period in time, there were as few as less than 40 cases reported. This number comprised of 1.8% health workers mainly the laboratory specialists, clinical officers and nursing professionals. Throughout 1988 to1990, California had its foulest measles endemic in more than a decade, with 16,400 recounted cases, more than 3,390 hospitalized and 75 deaths. The disease aligned in low-income Hispanic populations in central and southern California. The key cause of the endemic was stumpy inoculation levels among preschool-aged kids and young grown-ups. The rates of complications, hospitalization, and death were amazingly

First Generation College Motivational Support Systems Dissertation

First Generation College Motivational Support Systems - Dissertation Example They are also given a fair idea of the academic and co-curricular outcomes that are expected from them to make them progress to the next level, which is the university level. However, most often than not, students at the college are not able to meet their ascribed pass marks. A new trend of modern research has suggested that one key condition that determines the rate of success that could possibly be achieved by a student at the college is the generational factor of enrolment (Goodman, 1986). What this means is that as to whether a student is a first generation college student or non-first generation college student is an important factor in determining the rate of success that will be achieved. With this, it has been argued recently that first generation college student face the worse chances of failure in their college prospects (Finn, Nybell and Shook, 2009). It is for this reason that it is important that first generation college students be given all needed attention and guidanc e that is aimed at minimizing their risk of possible failure at the college level. Indeed, even though improved college enrolment is a positive sign of a well equipped and functioning educational system in a country (Eurelings-Bontekoe, Diekstra and Verschuur, 2005), it is important to note that student aspiration do not end with college admissions and that most students enter college with bigger hopes and dreams than merely being called college students. Ultimately, the student would want to pass college and continue to the highest point of education but for this to be possible, there must be effective support systems put in place. Considering the motivational support system in most colleges as a very vital and instrumental scheme to assisting in the quest to minimizing the risk of possible failure associated with the first generation college student, the researcher seeks to undertake the present study with the purpose of evaluating the effectiveness of these motivational support s ystems in various colleges. Indeed, this is a generalized purpose that will be expanded through a number of research areas. These research areas shall be referred to specific objectives as they define the present task that the researcher ought to achieve in order to achieve the larger and collective purpose that has been spelt out. Among the specific objectives of the study are the following: 1. To identify the factors that cause academic output differences between first generation college students and non-first generation college students. 2. To examine the components of first generation college motivational support systems used in various colleges across the country. 3. To critically assess the role of motivation to the academic success rate of First Generation College students. 4. To analyze factors that account for academic failures among First Generation College students. 5. To devise a model of First Generation College motivational support system that can be used effectively a cross colleges to bring about improved rates of academic success for first generation college students. Research Question The following research questions are set to serve two major purposes in the proposed study. In the first place, the research questions are going to be the basis on which secondary data are going to be collected for the study. It would be noted that the collection of secondary data shall be made

Professional Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Professional Ethics - Essay Example However, as important as ethics are for any and all professions, the need and importance for ethics within the IT profession is arguably even more profound. As such, the following analysis will seek to engage the reader with an understanding of the way in which ethics is of such a vast importance within the IT profession and is so central to practice of good business behavior. Furthermore, the analysis will also draw upon some of the questions of value and how they are different from questions of fact. Lastly, examples of the IT profession in addressing issues of ethics will be utilized as a means of drawing further prints upon the situation and moral needs that might be illustrated. According to the ACM, the code of ethics for IT professionals includes nearly 24 points; among these contributing to human well-being, avoiding harm to others, honoring property rights and copyrights, respecting privacy, honoring confidentiality, and seeking to improve public understanding of computing and its consequences. Whereas this is by no means an exhaustive list of all of the determinants that the ACM seeks to put forward, it does provide a running commentary on some of the aspects that the ACM code of conduct understands as central to the application of ethical and morally responsible IT work. Arguably, one of the most distinctive facets of ethics, or even of ethical considerations, within the IT profession is concentric upon the overall amount of data and responsibilities that the IT professional has at his or her disposal (ACM, 2014). As a direct function of the way in which IT work is performed, it individual working within this particular career path will necessarily ha ve access to a broad variety of different personal, sensitive, and public information. Likewise, although it is somewhat dangerous to state that the ethical considerations for one particular career path are higher than another, it is fair to state that the overall level of responsibility that an IT

Engineering Project Management Essay Example for Free

Engineering Project Management Essay Typical Practice Estimating time to undertake design and drafting tasks, such as the crafting of blueprints for the construction of wooden furniture (e.g. stool, desk, chest) by an expert and the creation of blueprints for buildings of commercial establishments by an architect, requires the method of estimating labor costs. After all, cost estimates require time estimates.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Computing the labor cost (technically called as the direct labor cost in management accounting) proceeds by adding the worker’s base rate and indirect payroll costs, such as government securities and insurance. The result is multiplied with the worker’s labor hours. The product of the operation is the labor cost. If labor cost is known and the estimated labor hour is unknown, the manager only has to work around the equation to obtain the estimated time of performing the task. This is the easiest method for the manager, and also the most unreliable because it relies on past data of labor costs. It relies on past data of labor costs because an empirical method is needed, which this method does not include. In such a case, this method is just mere ‘speculation’. It is not an ‘estimation’ in the proper sense of the term because there are no trials and errors done to gather data. From this, there is also a differentiation between ‘past data’ and ‘empirical data’. Past data are also empirical data, but they are gathered in the past, therefore acquiring a less accurate information. Empirical data, after all, require certain use of tools to be obtained. Also, it is unreliable because if the company is new, it cannot use this method—there is no recorded information regarding past operations. Only a long-existing company can benefit from this method of estimating labor hours.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One problem in estimating the time and cost in performing design and drafting jobs is that managers can only speculate about the amount of time required by a specific job. For instance, the manager of a firm that designs and produces musical instruments can not know exactly how long in a day can a staff of twenty finishes a certain number of musical instruments. Time is a variable that depends on the quality and quantity of tools, materials, equipment, and workers assigned in performing tasks. In the example of designing musical instruments, the manager should know how long each instrument is designed in its entirety by a specific worker. It would help to get an average rate for this. Afterwards, the average rate will be multiplied to the number of instruments to be designed. If one stops here, this is an incomplete method of computing labor time. The manager should get the time it took the labor to prepare for the task, and how long it took him to bring the musical instrument to the corresponding collectors of the aforementioned products in the management system. Then, the sum is multiplied with the distance of the labor from the shop or wherever he is taking the musical instruments. The resulting product is then added to the product of the average rate and the number of instruments to be designed. Another method in estimating the labor time is by taking the average hours of preceding homogenous tasks. In creating a musical instrument, the manager gets the time it took for a worker to complete one instrument. He then obtains data from the proceeding tasks. By getting the average of the values, we obtain the average hours. Variability and Contingencies The accuracy of the first method is low. First, there is a huge possibility of error in relying past data or performance. A company that designs cars ought to measure the time and cost of labor through direct empirical methods, such as obtaining the rates by which workers accomplish their jobs. However, this method depends on the accuracy of historical data. If historical data are inaccurate, there is a 100% tendency that the result of using this method will produce inaccuracies. This is not recommended for companies because it is not an engineering standard.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The second method is more empirical and far more accurate than the first method. Considering the computation of the average rate, one can not be sure of the precision of this statistical tool. Using the mean, median or mode as a way to produce data for the estimation of the time and cost of labor is inefficient. It is recommended that a variance analysis be conducted so that deviations will be taken into consideration. After all, workers are not robots. They have higher levels of inefficiency and inconsistency of output. A worker has fluctuating labor rates. The time he finishes a job fluctuates in hours or minutes, thereby changing the amount of labor cost. Using the variance analysis as a statistical method in obtaining work rates is more efficient. When this is done, it makes the second estimation method more accurate because deviant cases, or changes in time and labor costs, are taken into consideration. The variance analysis can also be applied on the third method, which also relies on using the mean, median or mode. Since averages are less reliable than doing a variance analysis, the third method can be inaccurate. More statistical methods are needed. Monitoring and Updating As the design and drafting tasks proceed, the practices used to update estimates are the following: regular, intermittent, and periodical recording of average rates in designing and drafting jobs. The practice of having a regular recording system, which requires inputs for every day of labor, is the most accurate but also the most costly. Therefore, it is far from inefficient. Only a huge company can take advantage of this, if there is a high risk involved in not monitoring the time and cost of labor.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   An intermittent recording practice entails intermediate accuracy and cost. This requires inputs every week, month or quarter of the year, depending on the needs of the company to monitor the progress of the fluctuations in time and cost of labor.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A periodical recording practice is the least costly, but has the risk of being inaccurate because it does not measure everything. It only measures the fluctuations in time and cost of labor between points in time, and not within a span of time. References: Baskette, C. (2006). Avoided cost estimation and post-reform funding allocation for Californias energy efficiency programs. Electricity Market Reform and Deregulation, 31, 1084-1099. Farsi, Mehdi. (2006). Cost efficiency in the Swiss gas distribution sector. Energy Economics, 28, 1050-1062. ASSIGNMENT 2 (Y) Basis for Project Methodology The specific method chosen for a certain project is based on the inherent characteristics of that project. There are as many methods as there are kinds of projects. The basis for choosing a method depends on the variables that differentiate one project from another, like the level of complexity involved in the activity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The following is the list of factors that may be the basis of project methodology: Project area Level of complexity Type of communication used   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One of the many considerations in project methodology decision-making is the project area. Is the project small, medium, or large? Even this question requires some thinking, since the size of a project is arbitrary. It depends on the sizes of other projects the manager or company considers as points of comparison. The area of the project may mean the geographical area concerned. For instance, an electric company that aims to build a network of electric facilities may be one kilometer by 500 meters. Judging whether this is small, medium, or large varies from one project to another. There may have been other similar projects built, requiring only two or three hectares of land. In such cases, this project may be considered large in area.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The area can also be seen in terms of influence. In the example of an electric company building a network of electric facilities, the area may mean the number of households it would serve. Again, judging whether a number of ten-thousand households is small, medium or large depends on other similar projects made.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another basis is the level of complexity involved in the project. Complexity can be measured by how many interactions among units are required to accomplish a task, and judging the data whether the project system is simple or complex. In the above example, measuring the complexity of building a network of electric facilities may require determining the organization of managers and workers that are involved in the project. Some organizations interact according to hierarchy. These kinds of organizations tend to be simple because there are defined ways on how the units interact among one another. Some, which are more complex, require units to interact in different ways. To put it concretely, let us say that the electric company assigns the maintenance department to be always under the engineering department, which means that the staff would only take commands from the latter. This is a simple scenario. A complex scenario would be when the company assigns the maintenance department to communicate with the other divisions of the company in accomplishing its own task. The connection between complexity and method is that the complexity determines the method. After knowing a project’s level of complexity, the method may then be configured depending on this information.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The third basis is communication. What is the message of the project? What are the kinds of media used? For whom is the message? These are significant things to take in mind when characterizing what sort of communication exists in an activity. Is the electric company making use of an intranet, which simplifies complex interactions? What tools are used for one division to communicate with another? Are telephones preferred over online chatting between departments?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is also significant to determine the contexts in which communication occurs. Is it one-to-one, one-to-many, or many-to-many? Determining this also affects the level of complexity of the project. A one-to-one communication is simple but slow and inefficient. A one-to-many communication is fast and efficient, but the message reception loses quality. Many-to-many communication is fast and complex, thereby increasing the level of complexity in the project. Decisions regarding matters on communication are only part of choosing what methodology to use. Criteria for Best Project Methodology In order to illustrate how one method is better than another given a specific project, let us take the following popular methods in project management: Waterfall Development, Rational Unified Process, and Extreme Programming (Asrilhant, 2005). These are the best methods in project management because they generally are flexible to different factors, like budget and project size. They compliment each other. One strategy’s weakness is another’s strength.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   If the project has high budget, one may say that the Waterfall Development is the best method for it. That is because this method requires little or zero corrections in inputs. This is possible because the planning function of the management is more crucial. A low budget means a high risk to undertake the project. Therefore, quality planning is indispensable.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For instance, if the electric company funds a 5-hectare electric network facility 30% lower than similar projects, the management has to undertake Waterfall Development. This means the planning function is geared on decreasing costs. There will be much labor required on the part of engineers and analysts to increase the level of certainty in inputs. The company cannot afford to do experimentations and much testing. High technical proficiency is required.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   If the project entails intermediate risk, and there is an intermediate number of staff who would man it, then the Rational Unified Process may be used as the best methodology. This is because risk management is balanced with a medium amount of budget or allowance for failure in inputs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   If the electric company funds a 10-hectare electric network facility 2% lower than similar projects, the management may afford to increase the costs of testing and experimenting with inputs to produce outputs in electric services.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Finally, if there is a need for regular testing and experimentation of inputs, and corrections in testing failures, then the Extreme Programming may be undertaken as the best methodology. Budget given here is high, and the risks are lower. The population of staff is also considerably higher than the two other methodologies. Here, the management can afford to run the risk of losing resources, albeit with prudence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Determining which method is best for a project requires measuring the amount of risks associated with the project, the budget allocated for the activity, the number of participants in the staff, and the affordability of the project to receive failing outputs. References: Asrilhant, Boris. (2005). On the strategic project management process in the UK indutrial sector. Omega, 35, 89-103. ASSIGNMENT 3 Alternative Classification   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The rationale of having a new project classification is to respond against the inefficiencies of the older classifications. The project method concerns itself much on the processes and ways on how tasks are carried out in the activity. However, it is too formalistic and technical. It is formalistic because it is focused on empirical observations. It is too technical because it does not leave room for speculation and theorizing. There is a huge chance that it will lose sight of the project’s objectives.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The project end-product, being goal-oriented, is weak on the part of specific matters. It may lose sight on technical issues such as the method of computation to use in estimating labor costs. If a firm that manufactures cars undertake an activity in which the project is classified as belonging under the project end-product, the managers will fall short on practicality. Important details are missed, like the choosing of a certain metal as a material in making automobiles. There may be one end-product but there are many methods in which inputs can be processed into outputs. These methods determine the level of costs associated with the production. If a company is too concerned about output, it loses sight on the possibility of gaining productivity by merely choosing the method. This is to say that a new classification is needed—a new classification that would account for the weaknesses of project methodology and project end-product. Since the two classifications do not take into consideration certain factors of production and labor, which are important determinants of the success of a project, a new chosen classification is labeling projects according to the types of constraints. The traditional constrains in a project are the following: Time Cost Production Labor These variables define the shape or form of the project. Changing one variable changes the whole project in its entirety. To illustrate, assume that an automobile manufacturing company undertakes a project of creating fifty units of luxury cars. The time constraint associated with the project makes it different from all the other projects with similar methods and end-products. For instance, this project is similar to five other projects whose goals are also to create fifty units of luxury cars. The only hypothetical difference is the amount of days required to accomplish it. This is to say that a project is different from another when there is a significant time interval between the required time to accomplish one project and the required time to accomplish another.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, it is too trivial if the manager only relies on the time constraint. Costs are also important contributors of project type determination. The amount of money allotted for a budget determines the influence of the project on the area it is being undertaken, and on the unit is serving. This is an indispensable category because the cost also gives way to knowing the area and quality of the project.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   If the car company gives a budget to a car-manufacturing project which is 50% lower than that of another project with similar end-product, then the two projects are different because the former is constrained in using resources. It must tap the planning function of the management at its best, because it cannot afford high risks and high expenses.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Production is a consequence of the cost constraint. The number of cars to be produced by the company depends on the allotted budget in producing these cars. Consequently, this is also related to labor in the sense that, if the budget is low and the production is high, then the labor must be intensive. It is empirically impossible to increase labor if the budget remains the same.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In short, projects can be classified according to the variability of their traditional constraints. They be classified as the following: Long-term undertaking, high-budgeted, labor intensive. Mid-term undertaking, with intermediate budget, intermediate production, and medium labor intensiveness. Short-term undertaking, low-budgeted, small production, and low concentration in labor. This is not to say that there are only three ways to classify projects. There are different permutations of classifying them because a project can be both long-term and low-budgeted, short-term and high-budgeted, and the like. There are twenty-seven combinations possible for the project manager. It is helpful for the project manager because there are varied choices to be undertaken with this typology. Enhancement   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This classification gives an enhanced understanding of project management because the inefficiencies of project end-product and project method are revealed and solved. The old classification system is poor because there are only small categories where projects fall under. In logic, the lesser concepts there are to stand for heterogeneous things, the more abstract the ideas become. By taking into consideration the traditional constraints of a project, and basing from it to form a new project classification, one achieves a more concrete and detailed description of the different projects that are to be executed. Project classification, through this kind of classification, becomes more useful not only as a mere science of classification. It also helps management keep an improved system of managing the projects, thereby increasing productivity and output quality. This project classification also enhances the understanding on the content of projects. Project method concerns itself with the processed item but not the one being processed. Project end-product concerns itself with the output but not the materials or inputs that led to its creation. This classification gives a new lens through which projects are seen by the manager. References: Project management. Retrieved September 4, 2006, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_management#Project_systems